Those who sleep wake up; 6 points (strong) – felt by all.

According to these principles, each hierarchical level of landscape systems is characterized by a certain set of zonal-azonal features and their ratio. Accordingly, a classification association of landscapes of the Bukovynian Precarpathians was developed.

Within the class of foothill landscapes, drugs of both forest-steppe and meadow-forest types develop (see Table). The climate of this region is moderately warm and moderately humid. But in such a small area in its different parts there are certain climatic differences. It is these differences (the difference in precipitation is about 200 mm per year) together with other factors (nature of soil and vegetation, hydrological regime, the nature of exogenous processes) allow us to identify three subtypes of landscape complexes.

Classification of landscapes of Bukovynian Precarpathians

The manifestation of zonal landscape-forming factors, which seem to be projected on a certain geographical space-time, depends on the internal geological-geomorphological levels, orography, etc. In the Bukovynian Precarpathians, low-altitude (up to 350 m) and medium-altitude (350–500 m) foothills are clearly distinguished, which gave grounds to distinguish two subclasses in the class of foothill landscapes.

As previously noted, the landscapes of the Bukovynian Precarpathians develop under conditions of significant barrier influence of the Carpathian mountain system, this fact is reflected in the classification plan as a suborder of barrier-transit-transformation landscapes. It should also be noted that the barrier role of the Carpathians is not very significant (such as the Ural Mountains), as the Eastern Carpathians have the same extension as the predominant direction of movement of moist air masses (northwest – southeast). Therefore, the rationale for this classification unit requires even more detailed study involving many quantitative barrier indicators.

The complex-block tectonic structure of the territory and active tectogenesis, differentiation of morphostructures of lower order lead to changes in hydro-climatic parameters and bioclimatic components and, as a consequence, to differences in landscape structure. The above factors-processes and factors-elements give grounds for the selection of the next classification unit – the kind of landscapes. According to the prevailing modern exogenous processes and genesis, landscape complexes are united into species.

In general, it should be noted that the question of the place of foothill landscape systems needs further study. This applies primarily to the identification of typological features. However, this is possible only if the efforts of not only landscape scientists, but also all physical geographers are united. As landscape systems have undergone and are undergoing significant anthropogenic load, it is much more difficult to identify the specifics of these formations.

literature

Antonov VS, Buchko JI Degrees of peaks and lowlands // Green Carpathians, 1994. -43-4. Gerenchuk KI Experience of typological classification of geographical landscapes of the western regions of the USSR. // Thesis. report scientific ses. dedicating. 100th anniversary of the birth of GI Tanfilyev. Odessa, 1957. Gerenchuk KI Experience of classification of geographical landscapes of the Ukrainian SSR and the Moldavian SSR // Vopr. region. Landscape scientist. and geomorph. USSR. Lviv, 1964. Issue. 8. Grishankov GE The experience of compiling a landscape map as a three-dimensional model of the territorial complex (on the example of the Crimea) // Territorial systems of nature and economy of the Crimea. M., 1973. Ena VG Physico-geographical zoning of the Crimean peninsula // Vestn. Moscow. un-ta. Ser. geography. Issue. 5. 1960. No. 2. Isachenko AG Landscape science and physical-geographical zoning. M., 1991. Kogai NA Physical and geographical zoning of the Turan part of Central Asia. Tashkent, 1969. Koinov AM, Kostyuchenko AV Typology of landscapes of Precarpathia // Mater, 1st Congress of the GT of the USSR. K., 1966. Maksyutov FA Barrier landscapes of the USSR. Saratov, 1981. Pashchenko VM Theoretical problems of landscape science. Kiev, 1993.

11/24/2011

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Earthquakes as sudden earthquakes and tremors. Abstract

Among the dangerous forces of nature, earthquakes have always been the worst disaster for humans. Every year about 300 thousand earthquakes occur on Earth. Catastrophic earthquakes are rare – on average every few years. Every year more than 10 thousand people die from these natural phenomena

Earthquakes are sudden earthquakes and tremors that occur due to ruptures and displacements of layers and blocks of the earth’s surface.

Those places in the bowels of the earth, where there is a rupture or displacement of layers, are called foci (hypocenters) of earthquakes. For the most part, they are located at a depth of several tens of kilometers in the earth’s crust. Less often lie in the upper part of the mantle at depths up to 600-700 km. With a deep hypocenter, the oscillations of the earth’s surface can spread over a much larger area (several million km2).

The place on the Earth’s surface above the cell is called the epicenter of the earthquake. The destruction here is the greatest. The farther from it, the weaker the earthquake.

The strength (intensity) of an earthquake is measured on a 12-point scale. According to her, the weakest earthquake is estimated at 1 point, the strongest at 12 points.

1 point (invisible) – it is felt only by seismographs; 2 points (very weak) – felt by individuals who are in a state of complete rest and individual animals (fish, dogs, cats, horses, bears); 3 points (weak) – felt by a small proportion of the population in the middle of buildings; 4 points (moderate) – felt by many people, dishes are beating or ringing, windows are cracking. It is almost imperceptible outside; 5 points – (quite strong) – is felt by all. There is a general shaking of buildings, oscillations of furniture. Cracks in the window glass and plaster. Those who sleep wake up; 6 points (strong) – felt by all. Most people run out of their homes into the street. Paintings fall from the walls, plaster crumbles; 7 points – (very strong) – there are cracks in the walls of stone houses. Anti-seismic as well as wooden buildings remain undamaged; 8 points (destructive) – houses are severely damaged, the water level in the wells changes. Cracks appear on the slopes of the mountains, monuments are shifted and overturned; 9 points (devastating) – significant damage and destruction of stone houses. Underground pipelines are ruptured, landslides, landslides, talus occur; 10 points (devastating) – the destruction of many buildings; there are significant cracks in the soil. Railroad tracks are distorted, water from reservoirs floods shores; 11 points (catastrophic) – wide cracks appear https://123helpme.me/ in the ground. Numerous landslides and landslides occur, stone houses are completely destroyed, bridges collapse; 12 points (very catastrophic) – objects are thrown into the air, the terrain changes significantly. Numerous cracks, landslides, landslides. There are waterfalls, changing riverbeds.

Moretrusi. If the epicenter of an earthquake is at the bottom of the sea or on land near the sea shore, then there are earthquakes. At sea, earthquakes are manifested differently than earthquakes on land. In the sea, even in the case of very strong blows, there is not much excitement. Only a few strong earthquakes, accompanied by rapid subsidence of large areas of the seabed along the gaps, cause large waves, called tsunamis.

A tsunami is usually a series of waves (five to seven) that roll one after another. The height of the waves – from 1.5 to 2 m, the speed can reach 30 km / h They lead to catastrophes no less devastating than earthquakes. There are tsunamis, mostly off the coast of the Pacific Ocean.

Areas of earthquake propagation. Most often, these natural phenomena are observed in the Mediterranean (over 50% of earthquakes), the Pacific (about 40%), and the Atlantic seismic zones. Among the countries, most earthquakes occur in Chile and Japan. The catastrophic earthquakes of recent decades include: Ashgabat (1948), Chile (1960), Tashkent (1966), China (1976), Mexico City (1985), Armenian (1988), in Turkey (1999).

The worst earthquake in human history was the Mediterranean in 1201. More than 1 million people died then.

There are earthquakes in Ukraine in the Carpathians and in the Crimea. One of the strongest earthquakes in the Crimea occurred in 1927 in Yalta. His strength reached 9 points. Many cities were destroyed, rocks collapsed on the Ai-Petri and Demerdzhi mountains, and to the west of the peninsula, pillars of fire up to 500 m high erupted in the sea. Apparently, this was a gas emission.

Who is watching the earthquakes? Earthquakes are studied by the science of seismology. An important task of this science is earthquake forecasting. Even at present, earthquakes are difficult to predict. It is even less reliable to determine the area and strength of the earthquake, but its onset is difficult to predict. The best way to reduce losses is to prepare for an earthquake.

Therefore, in countries where these dangerous phenomena are most common, children are taught from an early age to behave properly during earthquakes.

To prevent large-scale destruction, seismic buildings are erected in seismic areas.

It is known that some animals can feel the approach of earthquakes and clearly respond to them. There are more than 70 of them, including fish, dogs, cats, horses, bears and others.